System for Maintaining Synchronization Between Multiple Asynchronous Communication Links

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for maintaining synchronization with a plurality of asynchronous communication links includes a first counter that generates a first local network clock, and a second counter that generates a second local network clock. The apparatus also includes an offset controller coupled with the first counter and coupled with the second counter, the offset controller configured to load a current network clock value of a first network clock of a first communication link into the first counter, and to load a current network clock value of a second network clock of a second communication link into the second counter. The apparatus further includes a drift controller coupled with the first counter and with the second counter, the drift controller configured to correct a drift between the first local network clock and the first network clock and to correct a drift between the second local network clock and the second network clock. The first local network clock approximates the first network clock of the first communication link and the second local network clock approximates the second network clock of the second communication link.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/437,680, filed May 22, 2006 (now allowed), which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/101,676, filed Mar. 19, 2002 (nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,050,420), which claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 60/278,362, filed Mar. 21, 2001, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to electronic circuits. Moreparticularly, the present invention relates to maintaining networksynchronization when communicating on multiple networks havingasynchronous clocks.

As communications technology continues to advance, greater numbers andadditional types of devices are being networked together. Additionally,as the degree of internetworking continues to increase, it is desirablethat a device have the capability to be linked with multiple networks.In a consumer electronics environment, for example, a first networkmight comprise audio electronic components and a second network mightcomprise a personal computer and peripherals. It may be desirable forthe personal computer to be linked with the first network, as well asthe second network, so that the personal computer may, for example,transfer audio data to the audio electronic components for playback.

Different networks may or may not be synchronized with each other. Forexample, the Bluetooth wireless communications protocol provides forsimultaneous asynchronous networks (referred to as “piconets”) withoverlapping coverage area. FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram illustratingdevices networked in multiple piconets under the Bluetooth protocol. Afirst piconet 101 is comprised of devices 103, 105, 107, and 109. Asecond piconet 111 is comprised of devices 109, 113, and 115. A thirdpiconet 117 is comprised of devices 115, 119, and 121. As can be seen,device 109 participates in piconets 101 and 111. Also, device 115participates in piconets 111 and 117.

Each piconet in the Bluetooth protocol has a network clock that is usedfor synchronizing and scheduling transmissions. Although the networkclocks of respective piconets operate at the same frequency, they arenot synchronized. Thus, for example, the network clock of piconet 101will have an offset and drift from the network clock of piconet 111.Because the network clocks of respective piconets are not synchronized,a device linked to multiple piconets must synchronize with multipleasynchronous network clocks of the various piconets. For example, thedevice 115 must synchronize with the network clock of piconet 111, andmust also synchronize with the network clock of piconet 117.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an embodiment of the invention, an apparatus formaintaining synchronization with a plurality of asynchronouscommunication links is provided. The apparatus comprises a first counterthat generates a first local network clock, and a second counter thatgenerates a second local network clock. The apparatus also comprises anoffset controller coupled with the first counter and coupled with thesecond counter, the offset controller configured to load a currentnetwork clock value of a first network clock of a first communicationlink into the first counter, and to load a current network clock valueof a second network clock of a second communication link into the secondcounter. The apparatus further comprises a drift controller coupled withthe first counter and with the second counter, the drift controllerconfigured to correct a drift between the first local network clock andthe first network clock and to correct a drift between the second localnetwork clock and the second network clock, wherein the first localnetwork clock approximates the first network clock of the firstcommunication link and the second local network clock approximates thesecond network clock of the second communication link.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a method formaintaining synchronization with a plurality of asynchronouscommunication links is provided. The method includes providing a firstcounter that generates a first local network clock. The method alsoincludes determining a current value of a first network clock of a firstcommunication link, and loading the current value of the first networkclock into the first counter. The method additionally includes adjustingthe first counter, as needed, to correct a drift between the first localnetwork clock and the first network clock, wherein the first localnetwork clock approximates the first network clock of the firstcommunication link. The method further includes providing a secondcounter that generates a second local network clock. The method stillfurther includes determining a current value of a second network clockof a second communication link, and loading the current value of thesecond network clock into the second counter. The method also includesadjusting the second counter, as needed, to correct a drift between thesecond local network clock and the second network clock, wherein thesecond local network clock approximates the second network clock of thesecond communication link.

Benefits of embodiments of the present invention include providing amethod of synchronizing to multiple asynchronous networks that may besimply and efficiently implemented in hardware. Other benefits includeproviding readily accessible multiple asynchronous network clocks sothat traffic scheduling on the multiple networks and avoidingoverlapping receive and transmit times amongst multiple networks issimplified. Still other benefits include improving the utilizedbandwidth of the multiple asynchronous networks. Other benefits includesimplifying the tracking of the relative drifts of the various networkclocks.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating devices networked inmultiple piconets under the Bluetooth protocol;

FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram of an exemplary system in which thepresent invention may be embodied;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a method recommended by the Bluetoothspecification for synchronizing a slave's clock with that of themaster's clock;

FIG. 4 illustrates the flow of a method for synchronizing with twoseparate network clocks;

FIG. 5 is a simplified flow diagram of one embodiment of a method foradjusting a counter to account for a drift between its output and thenetwork clock it tracks;

FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating an embodiment of anapparatus for maintaining synchronization with multiple asynchronousnetworks; and

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating another embodiment of anapparatus for maintaining synchronization with multiple asynchronousnetworks.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram of an exemplary system in which thepresent invention may be embodied. This diagram is merely anillustration which should not limit the scope of the claims herein. Oneskilled in the art would recognize many other variations, modifications,and alternatives.

The system 200 includes a radio transceiver 202 coupled with an antenna204 and a network link controller 206. The radio transceiver 202receives radio frequency (RF) signals via the antenna 202, and convertsthe RF signals to baseband data signals which are provided to thenetwork link controller 206. Additionally, the radio transceiver 202receives baseband data signals for transmission from the network linkcontroller 206 and converts the baseband data to an RF signal, which ittransmits via the antenna 202.

The network link controller 206 implements low-level communication linkprotocols. For example, if the communication link protocol utilizes atime division duplex (TDD) scheme, the network link controller 206 maygenerate timing and control signals that control when radio transceiver202 transmits data and listens for data. Additionally, if a frequencyhop scheme is utilized, the network link controller 206 may generatetiming and control signals that control the frequency hop sequence. Intypical network communication protocols employing TDD, frequency hop,and/or the like, the required timing is based upon a network clock.Typically, the network clock is generated by one device in the networkand the other devices must synchronize to the network clock.

The network link controller 206 is also coupled with the network linkmanager and host interface 208. The network link manager and hostinterface 208 implements higher-level network link protocols, such asinitiating the creation and ending of network links. The network linkmanager and host interface 208 also interfaces with a host controller210. The host controller 210 may implement still higher-level networklink protocols and user-level applications.

A system such as the system 200 may be used to implement a communicationprotocol such as the Bluetooth communication protocol, or the like. TheBluetooth communication protocol provides a system for point-to-pointand point-to-multipoint communications. The Bluetooth system is apacket-based communication system, and full duplex communication isaccomplished using a TDD scheme. Also, Bluetooth utilizes a frequencyhop system to combat interference and fading.

Two or more Bluetooth devices sharing a communications channel form whatthe Bluetooth specification calls a piconet. One device acts as a masterof a piconet, while the other devices in the piconet act as slaves. EachBluetooth device maintains its own local network clock. But, the timing(e.g. the frequency hop and TDD timing) of the piconet is based upon thenetwork clock of the master. Hence, the slaves in the piconet mustsynchronize their own network clocks with the master network clock.Referring again to FIG. 1, the piconet 101 comprises a master 103 andslaves 105, 107, and 109. Thus, the master 103 determines the networkclock of the piconet 101, and the slaves 105, 107, and 109 mustsynchronize their own timing with the network clock.

The Bluetooth system permits the simultaneous existence of multiplepiconets with overlapping coverage areas, which form what the Bluetoothspecification calls a scatternet. The piconets in a scatternet areneither time-nor frequency-synchronized. Rather, each of the piconets ina scatternet operates on a different frequency hop channel with itstiming driven by the master of the piconet. A device may participate indifferent piconets on a time-division multiplex basis. Thus, a deviceparticipating in multiple piconets must synchronize its own networkclock with that of multiple master network clocks. For example, thedevice 115 acts as a slave in two piconets: 111 and 117. Hence, thedevice 115 must synchronize its own local clock with two separate masternetwork clocks.

The Bluetooth specification recommends a method for synchronizing aslave's clock with that of the master's clock, and the method isillustrated in FIG. 3. The method includes generating a local clock anddetermining an offset between the local clock and the master networkclock. Then, the offset is added to the local clock in order to obtainthe master network clock. To correct for drift between the local clockand the master network clock, the offset may be adjusted as needed. Inthe system 200 illustrated in FIG. 3, the generation of a local clockand the synchronization of the local network clock with master clockswould typically be carried out by the network link controller 206.

But the implementation of FIG. 2 becomes awkward when supporting theability for simultaneous communication on multiple piconets.

FIG. 4 is a simplified flow diagram of a method according to anembodiment of the invention. This diagram is merely an illustrationwhich should not limit the scope of the claims herein. One skilled inthe art would recognize many other variations, modifications, andalternatives.

FIG. 4 illustrates the flow of a method for synchronizing with twoseparate network clocks. One skilled in the art would recognize that themethod can easily be extended to permit synchronization with three ormore network clocks. In a step 402, a current network clock value for afirst network is determined. In one embodiment, the current networkclock value is determined by extracting the current network clock valuefrom a data transmission received via the first network. For example, inthe Bluetooth communication network protocol, when a device initiates aconnection with other devices, it transmits its current clock value tothe other devices. The initiating device becomes the master, and itsclock becomes the network clock of the piconet. Thus, the slave devicesmay determine the current network clock by extracting the clock valuesent by the master device. Similarly, in other network protocols,transmissions may be time-stamped with the current network clock. Thus,the current network clock may be determined by extracting and analyzingthe time stamp of a data transmission. In another embodiment, thecurrent network clock may be determined by additionally adjusting theclock value extracted from a data transmission to account for systemdelays.

Next, in a step 404, the network clock value determined in step 402 isloaded into a first counter. In one embodiment, the network clock valueis loaded into the first counter via a parallel load input of the firstcounter. Then, in a step 406, the first counter generates a first localnetwork clock that tracks the network clock of the first network. Inorder to generate a first local clock that tracks the network clock ofthe first network, the first counter is chosen before-hand and/orprogrammed to roll over at the same count value as the network clock.Additionally, the first counter should count at substantially the samerate as the network clock of the first network. For example, in theBluetooth protocol, network clocks are defined to roll over at the samevalue and to count at the same rate. Thus, in an embodiment thatimplements the Bluetooth protocol, the first counter is chosen orconfigured to count at the Bluetooth count rate and to roll over at theappropriate count value. As is well known in the art, the first localclock generated by the first counter will tend to drift over time fromthe network clock of the first network. Thus, in a step 408, the firstcounter is adjusted, as needed, to correct for such a drift.

If synchronization with a second network is required, steps 410, 412,414, and 416 are performed. Steps 410, 412, 414, and 416 are similar tosteps 402, 404, 406, and 408, respectively. In step 410, a currentnetwork clock value for a second network is determined. Then, in a step412, the network clock value determined in step 410 is loaded into asecond counter. Next, in a step 414, the second counter generates asecond local network clock that tracks the network clock of the secondnetwork in a manner similar to that as discussed with regard to step406. Also, the second counter is adjusted, as needed, to correct for adrift between the second local network clock and the network clock ofthe second network.

The method 400 provides a number of advantages. Because two separatecounters are utilized, the current clocks and timings of the twonetworks are available at any given time. Hence, to switch between thefirst network and the second network, a system implementing the method400 need only switch between the outputs of the first and secondcounters, which may be simply and efficiently implemented in hardware.Additionally, because the two network clocks are readily available, thescheduling of traffic on the two networks becomes easier and may beimproved. Hence, the utilized bandwidth may also be improved. Similarly,it becomes easier to avoid problems of overlapping receive and transmittimes of the first and second networks. Moreover, the tracking of therelative drifts of the various network clocks is simplified. Theseadvantages become even more pronounced when the method 400 is extendedto track the network clocks of three or more networks.

Any number of methods for adjusting a counter to account for a driftbetween its output and the network clock it tracks known to thoseskilled in the art may be used to implement steps 408 and 416. FIG. 5 isa simplified flow diagram of one embodiment of a method that may beutilized. This diagram is merely an illustration which should not limitthe scope of the claims herein. One skilled in the art would recognizemany other variations, modifications, and alternatives.

In a step 502, an expected receive time of a transmission is determinedbased upon the local network clock generated by the counter. Forexample, in a TDD communication protocol such as the Bluetooth protocol,certain time slots, based upon the network clock, are reserved fortransmissions from the master device to a slave device. Thus, the slavedevice may determine the time, based upon its local network clock, thata transmission from the master device should arrive.

In a step 504, the actual time, based upon the local clock, at which thetransmission is received is measured. Then, the actual time that thetransmission was received is compared with the expected time in steps506 and 508. If the actual time is equal to the expected time, then noadjustment to the local clock is required. However, if the actual timeof reception is less than the expected time (i.e. actual receptionoccurred before the expected time), then the local clock is slow withrespect to the network clock. Thus, the local clock should be adjustedby causing the counter to count up one count. Similarly, if the actualtime of reception is more than the expected time (i.e. actual receptionoccurred after the expected time), then the local clock is fast withrespect to the network clock. Hence, the local clock should be adjustedby causing the counter to count down one count.

FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating an embodiment according tothe invention. This diagram is merely an illustration which should notlimit the scope of the claims herein. One skilled in the art wouldrecognize many other variations, modifications, and alternatives.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of an apparatus for maintainingsynchronization with multiple asynchronous networks that may be includedin, for example, the network link controller 206 of FIG. 2. Theapparatus 600 includes counters 602, 604, 606, and 608 that generatelocal network clock 1, local network clock 2, local network clock 3, andlocal network clock 4, respectively. Each local network clock canprovide timing information for a separate communication link. Thus, thisembodiment supports simultaneous communication with up to fourasynchronous communication links. Although the embodiment includes fourcounters, other embodiments may include more or less counters, dependingupon how many simultaneous connections with asynchronous communicationlinks are desired to be supported.

Each of the counters 604, 606, and 608 is configured to generate a localnetwork clock that may track a network clock. Whereas, the counter 602is not configured to track another network clock. The local networkclock generated by counter 602 may be used, for example, as a networkclock when a device that includes the apparatus 600 is a master of anetwork. Each of the counters 604, 606, and 608 includes a parallel loadinput, that permits a current network clock value to be loaded into thecounter, as discussed with respect to steps 404 and 412 in FIG. 4.Additionally, each of the counters 604, 606, and 608 includes countadjust inputs that permit the local network clock generated by thecounter to be adjusted. The count adjust inputs of a counter are used tocorrect for a drift between the local network clock and the networkclock it tracks, as was discussed with respect to steps 408 and 416 inFIG. 4. In one embodiment that supports the Bluetooth communicationprotocol, each of the counters 602, 604, 606, and 608 is a 28-bitcounter.

The apparatus 600 also includes a clock generator 610 coupled with eachof the counters 602, 604, 606, and 608. The clock generator 610generates a clock signal that drives the counters. In an embodiment thatsupports the Bluetooth communication protocol, the clock generator maygenerate a clock signal having a frequency of 3.2 kHz.

The apparatus 600 further includes an offset controller 612 coupled withthe parallel inputs of the counters 604, 606, and 608. The offsetcontroller 612 determines a current network clock value as discussedwith respect to steps 402 and 410 in FIG. 4. Additionally, the offsetcontroller 612 loads the determined current network clock value into theappropriate counter via a bus 614 and the parallel load input of thecounter. In one embodiment, the offset controller may adjust the currentnetwork clock value prior to loading it into the respective counter inorder, for example, to account for a time delays. Such delays mayinclude system delays, a delay in determining the current network clockvalue, a delay in loading it into the counter, etc. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 6, the offset controller 612 is coupled with the parallelload inputs of all of the counters 604, 606, and 608 via the bus 614.Hence, a plurality of select signals (not shown) are generated to selectthe appropriate counter into which the offset controller 612 will load acurrent network clock value. Although the offset controller 612 has beenillustrated as a single block, the offset controller 612 may comprisemultiple blocks. For example, the offset controller 612 may comprisethree separate blocks, one corresponding to each of the counters 604,606, and 608.

The apparatus 600 further includes a drift controller 616. The driftcontroller 616 receives a control signal that indicates when atransmission has been received, and also receives the local networkclocks generated by the counters 604, 606, and 608. The drift controller616 generates control signals that are coupled with the counters 604,606, and 608 for separately adjusting each of the counters 604, 606, and608 as discussed with respect to steps 408 and 416 in FIG. 4. In oneembodiment, the drift controller 616 implements the flow shown in FIG.5. Although the drift controller 616 has been illustrated as a singleblock, the drift controller 616 may comprise multiple blocks. Forexample, the drift controller 616 may comprise three separate blocks,one corresponding to each of the counters 604, 606, and 608.

The operation of the apparatus 600 will now be discussed with referenceto FIGS. 1 and 6. Say, for example, that the device 109 includes theapparatus 600. Also, say that in the network 111, device 109 isresponsible for generating the network clock and that devices 113 and115 must synchronize to that network clock. Because in network 111, thedevice 109 is not required to synchronize with another network clock,the counter 602 can be used to generate the network clock for thenetwork 111.

But say that, during the operation of network 111, the device 109 isinvited to join network 101, which has its own network clock. Thus,within the network 101, the device 109 must synchronize with the networkclock of 101. The device 109 can use the counter 604 to track thenetwork clock of network 101. First, the offset controller 612determines the current network clock value for the network 101. Asdiscussed with respect to steps 402 and 410 of FIG. 4, the currentnetwork clock value may be determined by, for example, extracting a timestamp from a transmission received from device 103. Then, the offsetcontroller 612 loads the current network clock value into the counter604. After loading the current network clock value into the counter 604,the counter 604 then generates the local network clock 2 whichapproximates the network clock of network 101.

Additionally, the drift controller 616 adjusts the counter 604 tocorrect for drift over time between the local network clock 2 and thenetwork clock of network 101, as discussed with respect to steps 408 and416 of FIG. 4. For example, the counter 604 may be adjusted in a mannersimilar to that discussed with respect to FIG. 5 each time atransmission from the device 103 is received. The drift controller 616may determine an expected receive time for a transmission from thedevice 103 based upon the local network clock 2. Then, the driftcontroller 616 may measure an actual receive time of the transmissionbased upon the local network clock 2. Next, based upon the differencebetween the expected and actual receive times, the drift controlleradjusts the count of the counter 604, if needed.

When the device 109 needs to communicate via the network 111, the localnetwork clock 1 generated by the counter 602 can be referenced. And,when the device 109 needs to communicate via the network 101, the localnetwork clock 2 generated by the counter 604 can be referenced.

Counter 606 and 608 are similarly available for simultaneouscommunication via additional networks. For example, while still linkedwith the networks 101 and 111, the device 109 may be invited to join twomore networks. The counters 606 and 608 may be utilized to generatelocal network clocks for the two additional networks. Thus, theapparatus 600 provides timing information for simultaneous communicationvia (up to and including) four separate, asynchronous networks. As canbe seen in FIG. 6, the outputs of the counters 602, 604, 606, and 608are readily available. Therefore, when the device 109 switches betweencommunicating on various networks, the device 109 need only switchbetween the outputs of the various counters to obtain the correctnetwork clock. One skilled in the art will recognize that this switchingscheme may simply and efficiently be implemented in hardware. Additionaladvantages are provided by the ready availability of the various networkclocks. For instance, the network clocks may be employed in preventingoverlapping transmit and receive times between two networks and inscheduling traffic amongst the various networks, thus improvingbandwidth utilization.

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating another embodiment accordingto the invention. This diagram is merely an illustration which shouldnot limit the scope of the claims herein. One skilled in the art wouldrecognize many other variations, modifications, and alternatives.

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of an apparatus for maintainingsynchronization with multiple asynchronous networks that may be includedin, for example, the network link controller 206 of FIG. 2. Theapparatus 700 can be programmed to generate network timing signals fornetworks having different network clock count rates and roll-overvalues. The apparatus 700 may be used, for example, in a communicationdevice that operates in different network communication protocols,either simultaneously, or at different times.

The apparatus 700 includes configurable counters 702, 704, 706, and 708that generate local network clock 1, local network clock 2, localnetwork clock 3, and local network clock 4, respectively. As with theapparatus shown in FIG. 6, each local network clock can provide timinginformation for a separate communication link. Although the embodimentincludes four configurable counters, other embodiments may include moreor less counters, depending upon how many simultaneous connections withasynchronous communication links are desired.

Each of the configurable counters 702, 704, 706, and 708 may beprogrammably configured to generate a local network clock that may tracka network clock. Various network clocks may count at different rates andhave different values at which the count rolls over back to zero,depending upon the particular network protocol being implemented.Therefore, configurable counters 702, 704, 706, and 708 may each beseparately configured to roll over at different values. Additionally,each of the configurable counters 702, 704, 706, and 708 may be drivenat a different count rate. Particularly, a clock generator 710 isprovided that generates four separate clock signals, each driving one ofthe configurable counters 702, 704, 706, and 708. Additionally, theclock generator 710 may be programmably configured to generate clockshaving various frequencies on each of the four clock signals. Thus, eachof the configurable counters 702, 704, 706, and 708 may be driven at aparticular count rate, and configured to roll over at a particularvalue. For example, the configurable counter 702 could be configured asa 28-bit counter and the configurable counter 704 as a 29-bit counter.Additionally, the clock generator 710 may be configured to generate a3.2 kHz clock signal that drives the counter 702 and a 6.4 kHz clocksignal that drives the counter 704.

Although the clock generator 710 has been illustrated as a single block,the clock generator 710 may comprise multiple blocks. For example, theclock generator 710 may comprise four separate clock generators, eachclock generator generating a clock for one of the counters 702, 704,706, and 708.

Similar to the apparatus shown in FIG. 6, each of the counters 702, 704,706, and 708 includes a parallel load input, that permits a currentnetwork clock value to be loaded into the counter, as discussed withrespect to steps 404 and 412 in FIG. 4. Additionally, similar to theapparatus shown in FIG. 6, each of the counters 702, 704, 706, and 708includes count adjust inputs that permit the local network clockgenerated by the counter to be adjusted.

Similar to the apparatus shown in FIG. 6, the apparatus 700 furtherincludes an offset controller 712 coupled with the parallel inputs ofthe counters 702, 704, 706, and 708. The offset controller 712determines a current network clock value as discussed with respect tosteps 402 and 410 in FIG. 4. Then, the offset controller 712 loads thecurrent network clock value into the appropriate counter via a bus 714and the parallel load input of the counter. In one embodiment, theoffset controller may adjust the current network clock value prior toloading it into the respective counter in order, for example, to accountfor a time delay between determining the network clock value and loadingit into the counter. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the offsetcontroller 712 is coupled with the parallel load inputs of all of thecounters 702, 704, 706, and 708 via the bus 714. Hence, a plurality ofselect signals (not shown) are generated to select the appropriatecounter into which the offset controller 712 will load a current networkclock value. Although the offset controller 712 has been illustrated asa single block, the offset controller 712 may comprise multiple blocks.For example, the offset controller 712 may comprise four separateblocks, one corresponding to each of the counters 702, 704, 706, and708.

Similar to the apparatus shown in FIG. 6, the apparatus 700 furtherincludes a drift controller 716. The drift controller 716 receives acontrol signal that indicates when a transmission has been received, andalso receives the local network clocks generated by the counters 702,704, 706, and 708. The drift controller 716 generates control signalsthat are coupled with the counters 702, 704, 706, and 708 for separatelyadjusting each of the counters 702, 704, 706, and 708 as discussed withrespect to steps 408 and 416 in FIG. 4. In one embodiment, the driftcontroller 716 implements the flow shown in FIG. 5. Although the driftcontroller 716 has been illustrated as a single block, the driftcontroller 716 may comprise multiple blocks. For example, the driftcontroller 716 may comprise four separate blocks, one corresponding toeach of the counters 702, 704, 706, and 708.

The operation of the apparatus 700 is similar to that of the apparatus600 illustrated in FIG. 6. However, the apparatus 700 may beprogrammably configured to track network clocks of various count ratesand roll-over values. For example, the apparatus 700 could bepre-programmed to operate with a particular network communicationprotocol. Alternatively, the apparatus 700 could be dynamicallyprogrammed to operate with a various network communication protocols asneeded.

The invention has now been explained with reference to specificembodiments. Other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art. Therefore it is not intended that this invention belimited except as indicated by the appended claims.

1. A system for communicating over a first communication link and asecond communication link that are asynchronous, the system comprising:a transceiver configured to receive and transmit data over the firstcommunication link and the second communication link; a network linkcontroller configured to generate control signals to control when thetransceiver receives and transmits data over the first communicationlink based upon a first local network clock and over the secondcommunication link based upon a second local network clock; a firstcounter that generates the first local network clock; and a secondcounter that generates the second local network clock, wherein the firstlocal network clock approximates a first network clock of the firstcommunication link and the second local network clock approximates asecond network clock of the second communication link.
 2. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising: an offset controller coupled with the firstcounter and coupled with the second counter, the offset controllerconfigured to load a current network clock value of the first networkclock into the first counter, and to load a current network clock valueof the second network clock into the second counter.
 3. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the first counter includes a parallel load input andthe second counter includes a parallel load input, and wherein theoffset controller is coupled with the parallel load input of the firstcounter and with the parallel load input of the second counter.
 4. Thesystem of claim 2, wherein the offset controller is configured todetermine the current network clock value of the first network clock andto determine the current network clock value of the second networkclock.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the offset controllerdetermines the current network clock value of the first network clockbased upon a time stamp of a transmission received via the firstcommunication link.
 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising: adrift controller coupled with the first counter and with the secondcounter, the drift controller configured to correct a drift between thefirst local network clock and the first network clock and to correct adrift between the second local network clock and the second networkclock.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the drift controller isconfigured to determine an expected receive time of a transmission viathe first communication link and to compare the expected receive timewith an actual receive time of the transmission.
 8. The system of claim1, further comprising a clock generator that generates a first clock anda second clock, the first clock coupled with the first counter anddriving the first counter at a first rate, and the second clock coupledwith the second counter and driving the second counter at a second rate.9. The system of claim 1, wherein data is transmitted and received overthe first communication link and the second communication link based ona communication protocol that utilizes time division duplexing.
 10. Asystem for communicating over a first communication link and secondcommunication link that are asynchronous, the system comprising: atransceiver configured to receive and transmit data over the firstcommunication link and second communication link; a network linkcontroller configured to generate control signals to control when thetransceiver receives and transmits data over the first communicationlink based upon a first local network clock and over the secondcommunication link based upon a second local network clock; a firstcounter that generates the first local network clock; and a secondcounter that generates the second local network clock; and an offsetcontroller coupled with the first counter and coupled with the secondcounter, the offset controller configured to load a current networkclock value of a first network clock of the first communication linkinto the first counter, and to load a current network clock value of asecond network clock of the second communication link into the secondcounter.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the first counter includesa parallel load input and the second counter includes a parallel loadinput, and wherein the offset controller is coupled with the parallelload input of the first counter and with the parallel load input of thesecond counter.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the offsetcontroller is configured to determine the current network clock value ofthe first network clock and to determine the current network clock valueof the second network clock.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein theoffset controller determines the current network clock value of thefirst network clock based upon a time stamp of a transmission receivedvia the first communication link.
 14. The system of claim 10, furthercomprising: a drift controller coupled with the first counter and withthe second counter, the drift controller configured to correct a driftbetween the first local network clock and the first network clock and tocorrect a drift between the second local network clock and the secondnetwork clock.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the drift controlleris configured to determine an expected receive time of a transmissionvia the first communication link and to compare the expected receivetime with an actual receive time of the transmission.
 16. The system ofclaim 10, further comprising a clock generator that generates a firstclock and a second clock, the first clock coupled with the first counterand driving the first counter at a first rate, and the second clockcoupled with the second counter and driving the second counter at asecond rate.
 17. The system of claim 10, wherein data is transmitted andreceived over the first communication link and the second communicationlink based on a communication protocol that utilizes time divisionduplexing.